What is one atmospheric condition that can influence urban air operations?

Turbulence caused by urban heat islands is a significant atmospheric condition that can influence urban air operations. Urban areas often have a concentration of buildings and other structures that absorb and retain heat, resulting in localized temperature differences compared to surrounding rural areas. This phenomenon creates rising columns of warm air, which can lead to turbulence. As aircraft operate in and around these heat islands, they may experience unexpected changes in air movement, impacting flight stability and safety.

Understanding the effects of urban heat islands is crucial for pilots and air traffic controllers, as they must anticipate and manage turbulence to ensure safe landings and takeoffs. While other atmospheric conditions listed may also affect urban air operations, turbulence due to heat islands is particularly relevant in the context of flying over or near densely built environments where thermal differences are pronounced.